PHARMANUSA: Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kesehatan

Pengaruh Suhu dan Pengadukan terhadap Laju Disolusi Tablet Vitamin C

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Dissolution is a critical physicochemical process for oral solid dosage forms because drug release from tablets must occur before absorption. This study evaluated the effect of temperature and stirring on the simple dissolution rate of vitamin C tablets. The experiment used six treatments consisting of cold medium at 10 °C, room-temperature medium, and warm medium at 40 °C, each tested with and without stirring. Each treatment was performed in three replications using 100 mL medium, tablet mass measurement, stopwatch observation, and calculation of simple dissolution rate from tablet mass divided by complete dissolution time. The results showed that the longest dissolution time occurred in cold medium without stirring (P1), with an average dissolution time of 4,414 s and a dissolution rate of 0.056 mg/s. The fastest dissolution occurred in warm medium with stirring (P6), with an average dissolution time of 291 s and a dissolution rate of 0.869 mg/s. These findings indicate that higher temperature and stirring accelerate tablet dissolution by increasing molecular motion and reducing the stagnant diffusion layer around the tablet surface. The study concludes that temperature and stirring are dominant physical factors affecting simple dissolution behavior of vitamin C tablets.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Gel Lidah Buaya terhadap Laju Difusi Methylene Blue pada Media Agar

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study evaluated the effect of Aloe vera gel concentration on the diffusion rate of methylene blue in agar medium. The research used a laboratory experimental design with three agar formulations: F0 without Aloe vera gel, F1 containing 5% Aloe vera gel, and F2 containing 10% Aloe vera gel. Each formulation contained 2 g agar and was adjusted to 100 mL with aquadest. Methylene blue was placed into a central diffusion well, and the diffusion diameter was observed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. The final diffusion diameter decreased from 0.04 cm in F0 to 0.02 cm in F1 and 0.01 cm in F2. The calculated diffusion rates were 0.0100, 0.0050, and 0.0025 cm/minute, respectively. These findings indicate that increasing Aloe vera gel concentration reduces methylene blue diffusion in agar, most likely due to increased medium viscosity and greater resistance to molecular movement. The study supports the relevance of gel viscosity control in semisolid pharmaceutical formulation development.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Natrium Klorida terhadap Stabilitas Dispersi Koloid Gelatin

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study evaluated the effect of sodium chloride concentration on the physical stability of 1% gelatin colloidal dispersion. An experimental laboratory design was used with three formulas: F0 without sodium chloride, F1 with 2% sodium chloride, and F2 with 5% sodium chloride. Each formula was prepared in triplicate and evaluated through Tyndall effect intensity, coagulation onset, and sediment formation. All formulas showed visible light scattering, but the intensity decreased from strong in F0 to moderate in F1 and weak in F2.

Coagulation was not observed in F0, while F1 showed coagulation at approximately 32 minutes and F2 at approximately 55 minutes. These findings indicate that sodium chloride affects gelatin colloidal stability by changing particle interaction and promoting visible physical instability

Karakterisasi Simplisia, Skrining Fitokimia, dan Evaluasi Granul Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) sebagai Tahap Awal Pengembangan Sediaan Tablet Herbal

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to characterize papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) simplicia, identify its secondary metabolites, and evaluate the physical properties of wet-granulated papaya leaf extract granules as an initial stage for herbal tablet development. The study used a laboratory experimental design involving simplicia preparation, organoleptic and microscopic evaluation, drying loss, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive values, qualitative phytochemical screening, and granule evaluation. Quantitative data from triplicate tests were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Papaya leaf simplicia showed a greenish-brown color, weak characteristic odor, bitter taste, and brittle texture. Microscopic observation identified upper epidermis, xylem vessel fragments, mesophyll fragments, and lower epidermis. Ethanol-soluble and water-soluble extractive values were 10.33 ± 3.06% and 30.67 ± 1.53%, respectively, while drying loss was 8.00%. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The granules showed a flow rate of 10 g/s, angle of repose of 48.8 degrees, compressibility index of 11.76%, and moisture content of 0.11%. These findings indicate that papaya leaf has acceptable initial quality characteristics and can be developed further as herbal granules; however, the flow properties and tablet compression stage still require formulation optimization (WHO, 2011; Harborne, 1998; USP, 2024; Shah et al., 2008; Sharma et al., 2022).

Profil Toksisitas Senyawa Lidocaine Bicarbonate secara In Silico Menggunakan ProTox-3.0 sebagai Dasar Evaluasi Keamanan Awal dalam Pengembangan Obat

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary toxicity profile of Lidocaine Bicarbonate using the ProTox-3.0 in silico platform. The analysis covered acute oral toxicity, organ toxicity, toxicity endpoints, Tox21 pathways, Molecular Initiating Events (MIEs), Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolism, and toxicity targets. The results showed a predicted LD50 of 220 mg/kg and Toxicity Class 3, with active predictions for nephrotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, and clinical toxicity. In contrast, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, Tox21 pathways, MIEs, and CYP450 interactions were predicted to be inactive. These findings indicate that Lidocaine Bicarbonate has a relatively favorable preliminary safety profile, although further in vitro and in vivo validation is required before translational or formulation development.

Prediksi Komputasi Profil Toksisitas Oral Parasetamol

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Paracetamol is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs; however, excessive use may lead to toxic effects. This study aimed to predict the oral toxicity profile of paracetamol using a computational approach through the ProTox 3.0 platform. This descriptive study employed an in silico method. The molecular structure of paracetamol was obtained from PubChem in the form of Canonical SMILES and subsequently analyzed using ProTox 3.0 to predict oral toxicity parameters, organ toxicity, toxicity endpoints, Tox21 pathways, Molecular Initiating Events (MIEs), and metabolism. The results demonstrated that paracetamol exhibited a predicted LD₅₀ of 338 mg/kg and was classified as Toxicity Class 4, with 100% average similarity and 100% prediction accuracy. The compound was predicted to exhibit hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and respiratory toxicity, while cardiotoxicity was predicted to be inactive. Furthermore, paracetamol was predicted to be non-carcinogenic, non-mutagenic, non-cytotoxic, and non-immunotoxic, although it showed the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibit clinical toxicity. Overall, ProTox 3.0 provides a comprehensive prediction of the oral toxicity profile of paracetamol and demonstrates its potential as an effective in silico screening tool for the early safety assessment of pharmaceutical compounds.