Artificial Intelligence Policy

1. Artificial Intelligence Policy

Justicia Journal recognizes the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Generative Artificial Intelligence and AI-assisted technologies, in academic writing and scholarly publishing. AI may be used as a supporting tool, provided that it does not replace the intellectual contribution, legal reasoning, scholarly judgment, and ethical responsibility of human authors.

This policy applies to all authors, peer reviewers, editors, and other parties involved in the editorial and publication process of Justicia Journal. Authors remain fully responsible for the originality, accuracy, validity of sources, and overall integrity of every manuscript submitted to the journal.

1. Fundamental Principles

The use of AI in manuscript preparation, peer review, and editorial processes must comply with the following principles:

  • Transparency: Authors must clearly disclose any material use of AI in the manuscript preparation process.
  • Accountability: Final responsibility for the content of the manuscript remains with the human authors.
  • Originality: AI must not be used to generate, copy, or disguise the work of others as the authors’ original work.
  • Accuracy: Authors must verify all facts, legal arguments, quotations, references, data, and analyses produced or suggested by AI.
  • Confidentiality: Authors, reviewers, and editors must not upload unpublished manuscripts, personal data, sensitive information, or confidential materials to AI systems without adequate legal basis and protection.
  • Fairness and non-discrimination: The use of AI must not create bias, misrepresentation, or unfair treatment in legal and socio-legal analysis.

2. Permitted Use of AI

Authors may use AI in a limited and responsible manner for the following purposes:

  • Improving grammar, spelling, punctuation, and readability.
  • Assisting with the preparation of abstracts, keywords, or paraphrasing based on text originally written by the authors.
  • Assisting with the formatting of citations and reference lists.
  • Supporting plagiarism or similarity checks.
  • Assisting with the preparation of tables, figures, or data visualizations, provided that the original data are not manipulated and the methods are clearly explained.
  • Preparing preliminary drafts for non-substantive sections, provided that the authors conduct thorough revision, verification, and academic decision-making.

3. Prohibited Use of AI

Justicia Journal prohibits the use of AI in the following circumstances:

  • Generating an entire article or substantive sections of an article without meaningful intellectual contribution from the authors.
  • Creating, fabricating, or manipulating research data, analytical results, quotations, court decisions, legislation, or legal documents.
  • Generating references, quotations, DOIs, author names, or sources that cannot be verified.
  • Copying or paraphrasing the work of others without adequate attribution.
  • Using AI to evade plagiarism detection or conceal the originality of a manuscript.
  • Uploading confidential, unpublished, or personally identifiable material to AI platforms without proper authorization and protection.
  • Creating images, graphs, or visual evidence that are misleading or do not accurately represent research data.

4. AI and Authorship

AI tools, including ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, Claude, and similar applications, cannot be listed as an author or co-author. Authorship requires the ability to:

  • Make a substantive contribution to the conception, design, analysis, or writing of the article.
  • Approve the final version of the manuscript.
  • Take responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the work.
  • Respond to questions regarding the research and publication.

Because AI cannot fulfill these responsibilities, AI may only be acknowledged in the AI Use Statement, not in the list of authors.

5. Authors’ Disclosure Obligations

Authors who use AI or AI-assisted technologies during manuscript preparation must disclose such use clearly, honestly, and specifically.

The disclosure must include:

  1. The name of the AI tool or service used.
  2. The version or model of the AI, if available.
  3. The purpose of using the AI.
  4. The sections of the manuscript assisted by AI.
  5. A statement confirming that the authors have reviewed, verified, and revised all AI-generated output.

Disclosure is not required for basic tools, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers, or reference management software.

6. AI Use Statement Format

Authors must place the following statement at the end of the manuscript, before the References section:

Statement on the Use of Artificial Intelligence and AI-Assisted Technologies in Manuscript Preparation

During the preparation of this article, the authors used [name of AI tool/service] for [purpose of use, for example, improving grammar and readability]. After using the tool, the authors conducted a comprehensive review, verification, and revision of all AI-generated output. The authors assume full responsibility for the content, originality, accuracy, and integrity of the published article.

Example:

During the preparation of this article, the authors used ChatGPT to improve the grammar and readability of the text. After using the tool, the authors conducted a comprehensive review, verification, and revision of all AI-generated output. The authors assume full responsibility for the content, originality, accuracy, and integrity of the published article.

If the authors do not use generative AI or AI-assisted technologies, this statement is not required.

7. Authors’ Obligations

Authors must:

  • Ensure that all ideas, legal analyses, arguments, and conclusions represent their original intellectual contribution.
  • Verify every reference, quotation, court decision, regulation, and secondary source used in the manuscript.
  • Ensure that the manuscript is free from plagiarism, fabrication, duplication, and data manipulation.
  • Protect the confidentiality of personal information, research data, and unpublished materials.
  • Comply with copyright regulations, licensing requirements, and publication ethics.
  • Disclose the use of AI in accordance with this policy.
  • Accept full responsibility for the submitted manuscript, even where AI-assisted tools were used during preparation.

8. Peer Reviewers’ Obligations

Peer reviewers must not use generative AI to evaluate, summarize, translate, or upload authors’ manuscripts to AI platforms. This restriction aims to protect confidentiality, intellectual property rights, and authors’ privacy.

Reviewers may use AI only for administrative purposes that do not involve uploading the manuscript content, such as scheduling or editorial communication, provided that manuscript confidentiality is not compromised.

9. Editors’ Obligations

Editors are authorized to:

  • Examine authors’ compliance with the AI use policy.
  • Request further explanation where there are indications of undisclosed AI use.
  • Request revisions, reject manuscripts, or refer serious cases to the journal leadership where ethical violations are identified.
  • Ensure that peer review remains fair, independent, and based on the scholarly quality of the manuscript.

All manuscripts will undergo the same editorial and peer-review process, regardless of whether AI-assisted tools were used during preparation.

10. Detection and Handling of Violations

Justicia Journal may use similarity-detection tools, editorial analysis, and expert review to identify indications of AI policy violations. However, automated detection results will not serve as the sole basis for conclusions.

Where a violation is suspected, the editors will:

  1. Request written clarification from the authors.
  2. Review the evidence, manuscript versions, sources, and authors’ statements.
  3. Determine whether the manuscript requires revision, rejection, or retraction from publication.
  4. Report serious violations to the authors’ institution or relevant parties, where necessary.

The editorial decision shall be final after considering the results of the investigation and the authors’ response.

11. Data Protection and Confidentiality

Authors, peer reviewers, and editors must not enter the following information into AI systems:

  • Manuscripts under peer review.
  • Personal data of respondents, victims, witnesses, or parties related to legal cases.
  • Confidential client information, case documents, or materials protected by professional legal confidentiality.
  • Unpublished research data.
  • Intellectual property information that has not been authorized for disclosure.

Manuscript confidentiality is an essential component of scholarly publishing ethics and must be maintained throughout the editorial process.

12. Copyright and Licensing

Authors remain responsible for ensuring that the use of AI does not violate copyright, moral rights, licensing terms, or other applicable legal provisions. AI-generated content, including images, illustrations, graphs, or text, may only be used if it:

  • Does not mislead readers.
  • Does not replace research evidence that should be lawfully obtained.
  • Does not infringe the intellectual property rights of other parties.
  • Is transparently disclosed in the manuscript.

13. Policy Review

This policy will be reviewed periodically by the Editorial Board of Justicia Journal to ensure alignment with developments in AI technology, publication ethics standards, and applicable legal requirements.

Any changes to this policy will be announced on the official Justicia Journal website and will apply to manuscripts submitted after the effective date of the revision.

14. Contact

Questions regarding this policy may be directed to the Editorial Board of Justicia Journal, Faculty of Law, Universitas Darul Ulum Jombang, through the journal’s official contact page.