Melampaui Ekoteologi Normatif: Merespons Ekstraktivisme melalui Gerakan Lingkungan Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah

Mim Maulana Mubarok; Amir Maliki Abitolkha; Muhammad Yusuf Marjani

doi:10.32492/sumbula.v11i2.11214

Authors

Mim Maulana Mubarok Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Amir Maliki Abitolkha Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Muhammad Yusuf Marjani Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32492/sumbula.v11i2.11214

Keywords:

Structural eco-theology, extractivism, Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, public policy

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Indonesia’s ecological crisis is exacerbated by extractive economic models that degrade natural resources. As the two largest Islamic organizations, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah possess strategic moral legitimacy to respond to this crisis. This study analyzes the eco-theological orientation of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah and identifies the gap between normative narratives and structural change. Employing a qualitative approach, this research uses literature review and document analysis of fatwas, congress decisions, and environmental programs from 2010-2024. The findings show that the eco-theological orientation of both organizations remains predominantly normative-communitarian, focusing on moral education, ecological da’wah, and local micro-actions. While effective in raising awareness, this approach has not addressed the root causes related to macro political-economic policies and unequal resource governance. To bridge this gap, this article proposes the concept of “structural eco-theology” as an alternative framework. Structural eco-theology integrates Islamic theological foundations with public policy advocacy, cross-sector coalitions, and corporate accountability mechanisms. This framework directs religious moral legitimacy to promote regulatory reform and natural resource governance toward systematic and sustainable ecological justice.

Keywords : Structural eco-theology, extractivism, Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, public policy

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aanardianto. “Jejak Kesadaran Tentang Lingkungan Dan Perubahan Iklim Di Muktamar Muhammadiyah.” Muhammadiyah.or.Id, 2021.

https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2021/11/jejak-kesadaran-tentang-lingkungan-dan-perubahan-iklim-di-muktamar-muhammadiyah/.

Bolton, Patrick, and Marcin Kacperczyk. “Do Investors Care about Carbon Risk?” Journal of Financial Economics 142, no. 2 (2021): 517–49. ttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.008.

Cisneros, Elías, Krisztina Kis-Katos, and Nunung Nuryartono. “Palm Oil and the Politics of Deforestation in Indonesia.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 108 (2021): 102453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102453.

Fanan, M. Athoiful, and Fathul Fauzi. “Mainstreaming Islamic Ecotheology through Participatory Action Research: Restoring Santri’s Environmental Awareness in an Indonesian Pesantren.” Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education 5, no. 4 SE-Articles (2024): 804–16. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v5i4.2880.

Greenpeace Indonesia. “Industri Pertambangan Bawa Dampak Sosial Dan Lingkungan Negatif, Greenpeace Dan Celios Dorong Prabowo-Gibran Beralih Ke Ekonomi Hijau.” 2024. https://www.greenpeace.org/indonesia/laporan/58597/industri-pertambangan-bawa-dampak-sosial-dan-lingkungan-negatif-greenpeace-dan-celios-dorong-prabowo-gibran-beralih-ke-ekonomi-hijau/.

Haarstad, Håvard, and Arnt Fløysand. “Globalization and the Power of Rescaled Narratives: A Case of Opposition to Mining in Tambogrande, Peru.” Political Geography 26 (March 2007): 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.10.014.

Hanief, Fakhrie. “Ekologi Spiritual Dalam Al-Qur’an: Analisis Tematik Atas Konsep Khalifah Dan Amanah Terhadap Lingkungan Hidup.” Interdisciplinary Explorations in Research Journal 3, no. 3 SE-Articles (2025): 1029–39. https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v3i3.1476.

Ilham. “Apa Yang Dimaksud Dengan Fikih Air?” Muhammadiyah.or.Id, 2022. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2022/04/apa-yang-dimaksud-dengan-fikih-air/.

Ilham. “Urgensi Fikih Air Dan Fikih Kebencanaan Dalam Merespon Perubahan Iklim.” Muhammadiyah.or.Id, 2023. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2023/11/urgensi-fikih-air-dan-fikih-kebencanaan-dalam-merespon-perubahan-iklim/.

Jatam. “Curang di Lubang Tambang: Kerentanan Korupsi Jaminan Reklamasi dan Pascatambang.” JATAM, 2020. https://jatam.org/id/lengkap/curang-di-lubang-tambang-kerentanan-korupsi-jaminan-reklamasi-dan-pascatambang.

Krisdianto. “Hutan Dan Deforestasi Indonesia Tahun 2024.” 2025. https://www.kehutanan.go.id/news/article-10?

Kurniawan, Adam, Fanny Tri Jambore Christanto Ferry Widodo, Mukri Friatna, et al. Environmental Outlook 2025 Melanjutkan Tersesat , Atau Kembali Ke Jalan Yang Benar. Jakarta, Eksekutif Nasional WALHI, 2025.

LPBI NU. Menuju Pesantren Hijau. PT Yellow Printing, 2019.

Majelis Tarjih PWM Jateng. Fiqih Tata Kelola Sampah. 1st ed. Surakarta, 2024.

Marganingrum, Dyah, and Rhazista Noviardi. “Pencemaran Air Dan Tanah Di Kawasan Pertambangan Batubara Di PT. Berau Coal, Kalimantan Timur.” Riset Geologi Dan Pertambangan; Vol 20, No 1 (2010)DO - 10.14203/Risetgeotam2010.V20.30, June 27, 2009.

Mufid, Moh. “Green Fatwas in Bahtsul Masā ’ Il : Nahdlatul Ulama ’ s Response to the Discourse of Environmental Crisis in Indonesia.” Al Ihkam Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 15, no. 2 (2020): 173–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v15i2.3956.

Muflihat, Syakia, Siti Ruqaiyah Baharuddin, and Nurul Ilmi. Tantangan Dan Strategi Tambang Terbengkalai : Praktik Baik Internasional. 8, no. April (2025): 39–50.

Nurhakim, Amien. “Sejumlah Keputusan NU Untuk Melindungi Alam.” Banten.Nu.or.Id, 2025. https://banten.nu.or.id/keislaman/sejumlah-keputusan-nu-untuk-melindungi-alam-Tt1qD.

Pratama, Sandi, and Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd. “Integration of Theology, Education, and Activism: Exploring Eco-Theological Discourse and Muhammadiyah’s Environmental Engagement.” Edukasia, Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam 20, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/edukasia.v20i2.34007.

Pujianti, Sri. “Religious Organizations Explain Their Stances on the Mining Concession.” Mkri.Id, 2024. https://en.mkri.id/news/details/2024-12-13/Religious_Organizations_Explain_Their_Stances_on_the_Mining_Concession.

Rohman, M. Fathur. “NU Care-LAZISNU Bersama BSN LPBINU Luncurkan Program Pelatihan Masjid Hijau Dan Inklusif.” Nu.or.Id, 2025. https://www.nu.or.id/nasional/nu-care-lazisnu-bersama-bsn-lpbinu-luncurkan-program-pelatihan-masjid-hijau-dan-inklusif-bHc23.

Sandiah, Fauzan Anwar. “Risalah Islam Berkemajuan Untuk Krisis Ekologi #2.” Muhammadiyah.or.Id, 2023. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2023/08/risalah-islam-berkemajuan-untuk-krisis-ekologi-2/.

Syafi’i, Imam. “Konflik Agraria Di Indonesia: Catatan Reflektif Konflik Perkebunan Sawit Di Kotawaringin Timur.” Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya 18, no. 3 SE-Articles (2018): 415–32. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v18i3.572.

Syifa. “Áisyiyah Masifkan Gerakan Peduli Iklim.” Muhammadiyah.or.Id, 2021. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/2021/07/aisyiyah-masifkan-gerakan-peduli-iklim/.

WALHI. “Membayar Mahal Ambisi Pertumbuhan: Dari Konflik, Bencana Ekologis, Hingga Krisis Lain!” WALHI, 2026. https://www.walhi.or.id/membayar-mahal-ambisi-pertumbuhan-dari-konflik-bencana-ekologis-hingga-krisis-lain?

Werner, Tim T., Tessa Toumbourou, Victor Maus, et al. “Patterns of Infringement, Risk, and Impact Driven by Coal Mining Permits in Indonesia.” Ambio 53, no. 2 (2024): 242–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-023-01944-y.