Pemertahanan Bahasa dan Identitas Linguistik Remaja Kazakh di Bayan-Ölgii: Kajian Etnolinguistik dengan Kerangka Fishman dan Edwards

Viki Mayanfa'uki; Amir Maliki Abitolkha; Vina Nur 'Afiyah

doi:10.32492/sumbula.v11i2.11215

Authors

Viki Mayanfa'uki UIN Sunan Ampel
Amir Maliki Abitolkha UIN Sunan Ampel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-2800
Vina Nur 'Afiyah Universitas Abdullah Faqih

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32492/sumbula.v11i2.11215

Keywords:

asymmetrical bilingualism, Bayan-Ölgii, Kazakh minority, language identity, language maintenance

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Mongolia’s language policy, which designates Mongolian as the state language and main medium of instruction, has affected the vitality of the Kazakh language in Bayan-Ölgii. This study examines the implications of this policy on the linguistic identity of Kazakh adolescents using an ethnolinguistic approach. Drawing on Fishman’s framework of language maintenance and shift and Edwards’ theory of language and group identity, this study synthesizes literature and education reports from 2005–2025. The findings show that the formal education domain has undergone Mongolization: Mongolian dominates core subjects, examinations, and certification, while Kazakh is reduced to a subject with limited hours. In contrast, Kazakh remains strong in family and community domains as a symbol of ethnicity, family closeness, and Islamic affiliation. This condition produces asymmetrical bilingualism and dual linguistic identities that adolescents negotiate at school, at home, and in digital spaces. The article recommends mother-tongue-based bilingual education, Mongolian-as-a-second-language teacher training, and support for Kazakh-language digital ecosystems to slow language shift and strengthen Kazakh maintenance in Mongolia.

Keywords : asymmetrical bilingualism, Bayan-Ölgii, Kazakh minority, language identity, language maintenance

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